This paper describes research suggesting the usual concept of 'user need' is overly restrictive. The research … Expand. View 1 excerpt, cites background. Author s : Goodman, Elizabeth Advisor s : Van House, Nancy Abstract: Interaction design is the definition of digital behavior, from desktop software and mobile applications to components of … Expand.
Designing and life cycle engineering—a systematic approach to designing. Engineering, Computer Science. More often than not Designers and Design Engineers, tend to focus on Techno-physical aspects as they move through their design process. It is argued even the smallest and seemingly benign design … Expand. View 2 excerpts, cites methods. An investigation of the representations of users' requirements in the design of interactive systems.
The design of interactive computer systems was identified as an important area for investigation due to the increasing evidence of a discrepancy between the intended use of the systems, and the use … Expand. The aim of this study was to exami ne how and why ergonomics capability emerges and develops within organisations. This study suggests that these changes in capa bility can be interpreted as … Expand. IEEE Intell. This is the time for research.
We ask: To what extent are its effects, and side-effects, acceptable to all concerned? What is valuable? What is feasible? Challenges for the design manager What is dangerous? Where are the dependencies between elements? Whil e the design engineer confronts these questions, the engineering manager must also What are the penalties for getting it wrong?
Identification and Review of Critical Decisions Transformation 2. The research phase is mostly done. We have mapped the territory of the 3.
Matching Design Activities to the Persons who problem. The focus of design narrows to a more are Expected to Carry Them Out practical level. Turn to the back of the bundle. See figure 6. Figure 6. It is a matrix of The main objective is to impose, upon the results dependencies that shows all 35 design methods in of a divergent search, a pattern that is precise part two of the book, some of them in more than enough to permit convergence to the single design one place.
Inputs are on the left; outputs are that must eventually be decided upon and fixed in across the top. Above the diagonal line are every detail. So a normal progression through this matrix what to overlook. Each method is expected to produce output which is a suitable The freedom to change sub-goals, to add or starting place for the next phase of design. Take a moment to study this. Instead, one of them should be selected. To understand how those particular is left Models become more concrete and detailed.
The edition has added several prefaces which are well worth reading. These help explain how transformation mode where all variables can be to use the book. Convergence can be done, as a programmer would Conclusion.
Individual design geniuses now must learn as such can probably be done by a computer. Where whole paragraphs are Italicized in the above text, a quotation from the book is indicated. Knowledge-base systems will take over www. The iteration of complete designs from a given design problem definition will become faster as our knowledge For those familiar Future Search, this large group base improves and as computer power increases.
The past and present inventory exercises where qualitative changes in both design and which produce the timeline and mindmap are the designing will result. The future scenarios exercise is the transformation phase, and the action groups is the convergence phase.
Weinberg, Little, Brown and Co. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Explore Ebooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All Ebooks. Explore Audiobooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All audiobooks.
Explore Magazines. Editors' Picks All magazines. Explore Podcasts All podcasts. See Figure Strategy Switching for an example of a modern method of problem exploration and design evaluation which permits spontaneous thinking to influence planned thinking, and vice-versa.
This is one of many methods which allow multiple levels of intelligence to work together, sometimes called co-intelligence. Let s take some time to examine this method. The designers keep a log of thoughts that occur spontaneously which appear irrelevant to the design in process. Each thought is recorded in detail. When this material becomes substantial, it is periodically reviewed in parallel with the design in progress. If the patterns of the spontaneous thoughts contradict the design, decide either to ignore the thoughts or construct a new design strategy that more closely fits the pattern of thoughts.
Repeat until the thoughts converge on the selected design. Throughout the late sixties and early seventies this group held annual conferences and published papers on design research. Architects, confronted with design efforts involving many designers and many stakeholders, were forced to study their methods to make them more open to scrutiny and input at all stages. Many of the design methods in use today have grown from their work.
Product designers also had to respond to a wider array of factors. Driven by issues of environmental impact and social equity, as well as function and fashion, product markets were demanding changes.
We had begun to raise our perspective to include a much larger picture, ranging from the designer s internal processes all the way to planetary conditions. We were re-designing design, and by Jones wrote another book called Designing Designing. The present work, Design Methods, was a seminal book appearing early in this ferment in It is widely credited with stimulating fresh approaches to design and is still today a very useful work.
What is designing today? I want you to take a moment to create a definition of design. On the back of your bundle, write your definition of designing. I know of no right answer, but after we share our definitions, we will look at the attempts of 11 professionals. Take one minute. Then we ll read them. Here s what the pros said in the s : Finding the right physical components of a physical structure A goal-directed problem-solving activity Decision-making, in the face of uncertainty, with high penalties for error Simulating what we want to make or do before we make or do it as many times as may be necessary to feel confident in the final result The conditioning factor for those parts of the product which come into contact with people Engineering design is the use of scientific principles, technical information and imagination in the definition of a mechanical structure, machine or system to perform prespecified functions with the maximum of economy and efficiency Relating product with situation to give satisfaction The performing of a very complicated act of faith.
Questions for the designer One of the first questions which must be answered in the process of researching every aspect of a design problem is this: Does the penalty for not knowing exceed the cost of finding out? If the answer is negative, that part of the problem should be ignored, at least until the answer becomes positive.
Here are typical questions about a product design under consideration: Will the sponsor like it? Is it in his interest to invest in it?
Will it be put into effect? Does it make the best use of available materials and components? Can it be made cheaply enough with available resources?
Can it be distributed through available channels? What appearance, performance, reliability, etc. To what extent will it be compatible with, or competitive with, other products? To what extent will it restructure the existing situation to create new demands, opportunities and problems?
To what extent are its effects, and side-effects, acceptable to all concerned? Identification and Review of Critical Decisions 2. Identifying Usable Sources of Information 5.
Exploring the Interdependency of Product and Environment Managers of a design process must ask these questions repeatedly to keep a design group on track and within budget. These criteria reflect the meta level of design. Attending to them has been best practice since the fifties at least, and is another characteristic of the present design era. Deconstructing designing. Design breaks down into three stages: 1 Divergence 2 Transformation 3 Convergence Understanding these stages of design is a very powerful tool for design management, and one which engineering managers ignore at their peril.
If you get nothing else out of this talk, but you get this, you will still come out ahead. Divergence This stage is The objectives, and the problem boundary, are unstable and tentative. Evaluation is deferred, as in brainstorming. Every effort is made to escape old assumptions, and absorb new data.
Several methods in this book are aimed squarely at this challenge. The territory of the problem is tested to discover limits, consequences, and paradoxes. Fact-finding is important now, to find the shape and the context of the problem. This is the time for research. We ask: What is valuable? What is feasible? What is dangerous? Where are the dependencies between elements? What are the penalties for getting it wrong?
Are the right questions being asked? Transformation Now we shift gears. The research phase is mostly done. We have mapped the territory of the problem. The focus of design narrows to a more practical level. Operative words here are. This is the stage when objectives, brief, and problem boundaries are fixed, when critical variables are identified, when constraints are recognized, when opportunites are taken and when judgements are made.
This stage is The main objective is to impose, upon the results of a divergent search, a pattern that is precise enough to permit convergence to the single design that must eventually be decided upon and fixed in every detail.
The chosen pattern must reflect all the realities of the situation. Now the problem gets structured into subproblems which can each be solved in relative isolation, and in parallel by different people. The freedom to change sub-goals, to add or remove features, is important, and the ability to quickly predict their feasibility and consequences is critical.
This stage can occur unexpectedly at any time, but If a design evaluation committee is confronted with rival transformations, the solutions should not be mixed.
Instead, one of them should be selected. Convergence At this stage the problem has been defined, the variables have been identified and the objectives have been agreed. The designer s aim Persistence and rigidity of mind is a virtue: flexibilty and vagueness are to be shunned. Models become more concrete and detailed. If unforeseen subproblems prove to be critical then the design process must shift back to transformation mode where all variables can be considered.
Convergence can be done, as a programmer would say, from the top down or from the bottom up; or architecturally speaking, from the outside inward or inside outward. The best approach is often to do both at once, and resolve differences as the two processes meet. This is the only aspect of designing that appears to lend itself to a wholly rational explanation The irony is that this is the stage that traditionally was considered the whole of design; yet it is likely to become that part which people do not do at all.
Choosing design methods Turn to the back of the bundle. See figure 6. Figure 6. It is a matrix of dependencies that shows all 35 design methods in part two of the book, some of them in more than one place. Inputs are on the left; outputs are across the top. Above the diagonal line are normal forward progressions of design phases 1,2,3,4,5,6; while below the line are regressions, or feedback loops to earlier phases, 3 to 2, and 4 to 3.
So a normal progression through this matrix might start with methods from row 1 column 2, say, Method 3. Each method is expected to produce output which is a suitable starting place for the next phase of design.
It illustrates that the historical progression - the four eras described previously - of our concept of design, has moved backwards from the final phases to the earliest phases. Take a moment to study this. You can see that Craft Evolution encompasses only cells and , while Technological Change constitutes the entire matrix. Choosing Design Methods on pages shows how these methods fit into the three stages of design - divergence, transformation, and convergence.
Page 85 shows an example of choosing methods for a design problem: choosing a site for a new airport. To understand how those particular methods would suit the problem you will have to read the descriptions in part two. For that you ll have to buy the book.
The edition has added several prefaces which are well worth reading. The preface is included whole in your bundle, and the opening page of the preface. These help explain how to use the book. Individual design geniuses now must learn to communicate and negotiate effectively to. The old Prima donna behavior is rarely tolerated today. Advances in the capabilites of engineers and engineering tools must be matched with advances in techniques for resolving a broader range of issues and demands, and more effective communication skills and design transformation skills among designers and design managers.
Computers will drive the role of humans in design to the earlier stages - divergence and transformation - of the design process where flexibility, intuition, and soft-focus attention are required. Knowledge-base systems will take over the convergence stage, kicking the problem back to us only when discovered contradictions force re-evalution of design goals. The iteration of complete designs from a given design problem definition will become faster as our knowledge base improves and as computer power increases.
As this speed increases, a threshold will be reached where qualitative changes in both design and designing will result. Notes: Where whole paragraphs are Italicized in the above text, a quotation from the book is indicated. Deconstructing designing is derived from chapter five of the book. Choosing design methods is derived from chapter six. For those familiar Future Search, this large group intervention can be seen in terms of the three stages of design.
The past and present inventory exercises which produce the timeline and mindmap are the divergence phase. The future scenarios exercise is the transformation phase, and the action groups is the convergence phase. Probably many other such real-time group transformation processes could be similarly analysed. The world is more complicated than the kinds of optimization. Coaching and Feedback Follow the Guidelines for Effective Interpersonal Communication There are fundamental strategies that should always be part of interpersonal communication in the work place.
Don t. Enerson Kathryn M. Plank R. Effective Process Planning and Scheduling The benefits of integrated planning and scheduling developed in the olefins industry extend into many areas of process manufacturing.
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