La LD 50 de 10 esporas suele ser una cifra aceptada, pero se ha sugerido que incluso una a tres esporas son suficientes en algunas situaciones para causar enfermedad. Mary Wu Chang. Freedman et al. El carbunco pulmonar es la forma que a menudo origina la muerte en los ataques bioterroristas. El factor letal de las toxinas de B. Gentamicina , 2. Estreptomicina , 1.
Considerar la posibilidad de usar ribavirina O anticuerpos monoclonales p. Ante el hecho de que la peste se desplazaba por toda Asia hacia Europa por esas fechas, no se sabe si tal planteamiento es exacto.
La peste es causada por Y. La viruela se origina por una de dos variantes virales muy similares, V. Las infecciones por V. Es importante que todo el personal asistencial y de laboratorio que atienda a los enfermos haya sido vacunado en fecha reciente con el virus de la vaccinia y que todas las muestras se transporten en recipientes con doble sello. Algunos antivirales, incluido el cidofovir , aprobados para usarse en otras enfermedades, poseen actividad in vitro contra V.
Se ha sugerido que la tularemia se ha empleado como agente de bioterrorismo desde el siglo XIV a. A pesar ello, no se propaga de una persona a otra. La enfermedad es causada por F. Las infecciones han surgido en personal de laboratorio que estudiaba dicho agente. Los seres humanos se infectan por muy diversas fuentes del entorno. En el verano, las infecciones de las personas suelen ser consecuencia de las picaduras de garrapatas, mosquitos o moscas que han picado a animales enfermos.
Surgen diferentes erupciones maculopapulares o eritematosas. Como consecuencia, muchos estudios de la patogenia se han realizado en animales de laboratorio. Hay que pensar en su presencia en toda persona con temperatura mayor de No existen vacunas aprobadas y eficaces contra estos agentes. La magnitud del deterioro neuromuscular depende del nivel de toxemia. Basta con una sola dosis de antitoxina para neutralizar cualquier toxina circulante.
No existe ninguna lista actualizada de los agentes de la clase C en la actualidad. El primero comprende "paquetes de urgencia" que pueden distribuirse en cualquier punto de Estados Unidos en el plazo de 12 h. This div only appears when the trigger link is hovered over. Otherwise it is hidden from view.
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Inicio Libros Harrison. Principios de Medicina Interna, 20e. Lane, H. Pain, redness, swelling, and discharge of the eyes; d evelopment of an ulcer on the inside of the eyelid in some cases. Sore throat or tonsillitis; vomiting and diarrhea; possible swelling of the glands in the neck. Sore throat and swelling of the lymph nodes in the lungs; sudden fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, joint pain, dry cough, and progressive weakness.
Systemic illness fever, chills, headache, etc. Potentially severe and fatal; s ystemic illness fever, chills, headache, etc. Without prompt treatment, may lead to septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and organ failure. Clinicians who suspect tularemia should promptly obtain blood and other cultures, as appropriate, and alert the laboratory to the need for special diagnostic and safety procedures.
It can be grown from pharyngeal washings, sputum specimens, and even fasting gastric aspirates in a high proportion of patients with inhalational tularemia. It is only occasionally isolated from blood. Rapid diagnostic tests are not widely available; ancillary confirmatory testing via microscopic demonstration of F.
Test results can be available within several hours if the laboratory is alerted and prepared. Growth of F. However, in some instances, growth of the bacteria can be delayed up to 10 days. Early antibiotic therapy is recommended for persons exposed to or infected with tularemia.
Tetracyclines eg, doxycycline , fluoroquinolones eg, ciprofloxacin , and aminoglycosides eg, streptomycin and gentamicin are all effective treatments and doxycycline or a fluroquinolone can be used for prophylaxis after high risk exposure. Following a biological attack, treatment recommendations would depend on antibiotic susceptibility of the strain of bacteria used in the attack.
Since person-to-person transmission is not known to occur, post-exposure prophylaxis of close contacts with persons infected with tularemia is unnecessary. In the US, a live-attenuated vaccine derived from the avirulent live vaccine strain LVS developed by the Department of Defense DoD was used to protect laboratory personnel routinely working with F. The vaccine does not provide a high degree of protection from inhalational infection and is not currently in use.
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Year Background Naturally occurring tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis , which is a hardy organism capable of surviving for weeks at low temperatures in water, moist soil, hay, straw, or decaying animal carcasses. Tularemia as a Biological Weapon F. Transmission Human-to-human transmission is not known to occur.
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